New Study Highlights Rising Impact and Risks of Drones in the Western Balkans

From supporting farmers and emergency responders to raising new security and regulatory questions, drone technology is opening opportunities and challenges for communities across the Western Balkans. 

A new study by UNDP SEESAC explores the growing role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, across the region. Once associated primarily with military use, drones have become increasingly accessible and adaptable, opening new possibilities in civilian life, public services, and security operations. 

Today, drones are being used in ways that can bring tangible benefits to communities. In agriculture, they help monitor crops, assess field conditions, and improve the precision of pesticide spraying. In healthcare and emergency response, they can support the delivery of essential supplies to hard-to-reach areas and assist in search and rescue efforts. In law enforcement, drones are being used to document crime scenes, support situational awareness, and contribute to more efficient operational planning. 

At the same time, like many other technologies, drones are inherently dual-use. The same capabilities that make them valuable for civilian and public purposes can also be exploited for illicit activities. 

UNDP SEESAC’s comprehensive study notes a growing concern over the misuse of drones by organized crime groups and other malicious actors, including smuggling, unauthorized surveillance, and the transport of illicit goods. The report also draws attention to broader international trends, where commercially available drones are increasingly being modified for harmful purposes in conflict settings. These developments underline the importance of staying ahead of evolving threats while preserving the legitimate and beneficial uses of the technology. 

At central focus of the research is the regulatory landscape in the Western Balkans and the region’s progress in aligning national frameworks with EU standards. Several jurisdictions have already taken important steps toward adopting the EU’s risk-based approach to drone regulation, while others continue to operate under earlier systems. Continued harmonization will be essential to ensure legal clarity, operational safety, and effective cross-border cooperation. 

The study also emphasizes the importance of strengthening institutional capacities to respond to the misuse of drones. This includes investing in appropriate counter-drone measures, improving cybersecurity safeguards, enhancing law enforcement capabilities, and building clear operational protocols for prevention and response. Public awareness and responsible drone use are equally important, particularly as access to these technologies continues to expand. 

With the right legal frameworks, strong institutions, and continued regional and international cooperation, drone technology can remain a force for innovation and public good while minimizing the risks associated with misuse. 

This study was conducted with the financial support of the European Union, through Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/2321 in support of SEESAC for the implementation of the Western Balkans Roadmap and Council Decision 2024/3006 in support of SEESAC disarmament and arms control activities in South-East Europe, reducing the threat of illicit small arms and light weapons and their ammunition.